Biodegradable polymers for microencapsulation of drugs jae hyung park, mingli ye and kinam park. Biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers most of us might have observed that whenever we dump household solid wastes at dumpsites, a part of them disappears after few days biodegradable wastes but some of them start accumulating at that place non biodegradable wastes. Nevertheless, due to the extensive use of fossil fuels in the production of feedstocks and in biodegradable polymer production processes, the overall relative environmental superiority in terms of cumulative. Application of biodegradable polymers in food packaging. Biodegradable plastics plastics that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide, methane, water, biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and the action of living organisms. A wide variety of non biodegradable polymers have been used for orthopedic applications including silicone rubber, polyethylene, acrylic resins, polyurethane, polypropylene, and polymethylmethacrylate. Biodegradable polymers and types of biodegradable polymers. Biodegradable polymer an overview sciencedirect topics. It is important to note that compostability is a characteristic of a product, packaging or associated component that allows it to biodegrade under specific conditions e. To fit functional demand, materials with desired physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical, and degradation properties must be selected. Biodegradability depends not only on the origin of the polymer but also on its. Biodegradability, constituent materials, applications, methods of biodegradation and environmental and economic implications of such materials will be examined.
Polymer substance of high molar mass that is composed of repeating structural units. Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications. Two classes of biodegradable polymers can be distinguished. The report analyses their key performance properties, applications development, market drivers and future prospects. The advantages of using polymers, as biomaterials, are their manufacturability. And the solution to this is biodegradable polymers. The blending of biodegradable polymers is one approach of reducing the overall cost of the material and modifying the desired properties and degradation rates. Properties of biodegradable polymers and degradation for sustainable development. Properties of biodegradable polymers and degradation for sustainable development a. For example polyethylene developed by braskem a brazilian petrochemical company made from renewable masses such as sugarcane is not biodegradable but recyclable 7. Hence, designing sustainable bioplastics made of either biobased or biodegradable polymers opens up opportunities to overcome resource depletion and plastic pollution. Biodegradable polymers contain polymer chains that are hydrolytically or enzymatically cleaved, resulting in, soluble degradation products.
Most of the polymers we use on an everyday basis are from petroleumbased products the plastic grocery bags to the buckets in our homes and although theyre durable in use, theyre also durable in waste. Role of polymers in drug delivery will grow steeply in future to handle various unsolved issues. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in biodegradable polymers. The objective of this chapter is to classification of biodegradable polymers. The term non biodegradable describes substances that do not break down to a natural, environmentally safe condition over time by biological processes. Classification and properties of biodegradable polymers the biodegradable polymers can be classified according to their chemical composition, origin and. Biodegradable microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or algae metabolize these materials completely, giving off co 2, water, energy and biomass. Moreover, some biodegradable polymers are directly synthesized from renewable feedstocks. A vast majority of biodegradable polymers studied belongs to the polyester family, which includes polyglycolides and polylactides. And burning of these fuels causes more pollution in the environment. The use of enzymatically degradable natural polymers, as proteins or polysaccharides, in biomedical applications began thousand of years ago whereas the application of synthetic biodegradable.
These natural polymers are inherently biodegradable because of the oxygen or. Biodegradable polymers are a special class of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose by bacterial decomposition process to result in natural byproducts such as gases co 2, n 2, water, biomass, and inorganic salts. Sep 08, 20 based on biodegradability polymers are classified as. Based on biodegradability polymers are classified as. A common misunderstanding is that all biodegradable polymers are made from renewable resources. The chemical structure, sources, production and synthesis methods, physical properties mechanical, barrier and thermal properties and applications of most important biodegradable polymers would be discussed. Animals that eat plastic can strangle or experience digestion problems. Synthetic polymers have been widely used in making various medical devices, such as disposable supplies, implants, drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Products that contain biodegradable matter and nonbiodegradable matter are often marketed as. Biodegradable materials are used in packaging, agriculture, medicine and other areas. Many plastics will weather and fragment in response to uv radiation a process that can be slowed down by the inclusion of specific additives. Jan 19, 2017 raj has provided the correct answer in an absolute sense concerning polymers. Environmental factors avoidance of persistent plastics smart applications e. Full length article synthesis and characterization of citratebased. Aliphatic polyesters are attracting increasing attention to solve white pollution concerns caused by traditional non biodegradable polymers and also for their use as speciality polymers in applications that mainly involve the biomedical field 16. Biopolymers produced directly by natural or genetically modified organisms, microbial polyesters. Compared to copolymerization method, blending may be a much easier and faster way to achieve the desired properties. In other words, non biodegradable materials do not decay. Kima, qing caib, yi zhangc, jinshan guoa, ranjodh s. Brandenburg center for regenerative therapies, institute of polymer research, helmholtz. Biobased and biodegradable plastics is food packaging the main applications of biobased and biodegradable plastics are currently in food packaging, food service ware, shopping bags, fibresnonwovens and agricultural applications.
Special emphasis is given to the problems and prospects of i approaches adopted to make non biodegradable synthetic polymers such as. Synthetic polymers can be manufactured from fossil fuels or recentlygrown biomass. There are polymers produced from feedstocks derived either from petroleum resources non renewable resources or from biological. Biodegradable polyethylene bags that break down under photo, thermal and biological means to yield carbon dioxide and water and their advantages and applications are discussed as is a biodegradable version of polyester amide. Biodegradable polymers are considered environmentally friendly because of their biodegradability. The manufacturing of biodegradable polymers can include different procedures without affecting material biodegradability. Polymer materials are solid, nonmetallic compounds of high molecular weights. Review polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers. In a less technical frame of reference you would consider polymers that are not degradable by processes found in natural environments to be non degradable. Biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers most of us might have observed that whenever we dump household solid wastes at dumpsites, a part of them disappears after few days biodegradable wastes but some of them start accumulating at that place non biodegradable wastes. Biodegradability is particularly desired in biomedical applications, in which degradation of the polymer ensures clearance from the body and eliminates the need for retrieval or explant.
The quality of polymers can be expressed as different properties like physical, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. According to astm standard d548894d and european norm en 432, biodegradable means capable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, and biomass. Biobased and biodegradable plastics facts and figures. They can be either natural or synthetic and can be derived from either renewable or nonrenewable resources.
The glass transition temperature is also affected by the molecularweightofthepolymerfig. Biodegradable polymers research india publications. Non toxicbiosafe non pyrogenic, non hemolytic, chronically. The primary role of many of these polymers was to act as a biocompatible cement in the fixation of prostheses and in the replacement of joints. Jun 29, 2011 recent trends in biodegradable polymers indicate significant developments in terms of novel design strategies and engineering to provide advanced polymers with comparably good performance. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. The major classes of polymers are briefly discussed with regard to synthesis, properties and biodegradability, and known degradation modes and products are indicated based on studies reported in the literature. Current efforts in biodegradable polymer synthesis have been focused on custom designing and synthesizing polymers with tailored properties for speci. There are polymers produced from feedstocks derived either from petroleum resources non renewable resources. Article polymers in pharmaceutical drug delivery system.
Biodegradable polymers have undergone extensive investigation since the 1970s. Biodegradable polymers show a large range of properties and can now compete with nonbiodegradable ther. What are some common applications of biodegradable polymers. Most plastics are non biodegradable mainly because plastic is widely used because of its low cost, versatility and durability. The major classes of polymers are briefly discussed. Biobased dropin plastics such as biope and biopet are identical to fossilbased counterparts and can be. Non biodegradable plastic containers in oceans and estuaries can harm fish, seabirds and other marine life. However, there are several inadequacies in terms of either technology or cost of production especially in the case of applications in environmental pollution. Physical structure of polymers, small vs large molecules, molecular features, some physical technique for studying polymers, molecular sizes and shapes and ordered structures, polymer blends and copolymers, polymer blends and copolymers, regular chains and crystallinity, morphology and motion, morphology morphology and motion. Compostable fully biodegradable under composting conditions, as defined by current standards i. Most biodegradable polymers are currently not widely used in other applications due to some limitations such as higher cost, inferior mechanical properties, and lower environmental and chemical resistance, or in other words, only a small number of biodegradable polyesters have found limited use outside the medical and pharmaceutical industry. Independent of the sorting method automated, manual or combinations, recyclates produced. Classification and properties of biodegradable polymers the biodegradable polymers can be classified according to their chemical composition, origin and synthesis method, processing method.
Pdf polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers a. Biodegradable polymers derived from amino acids khan. Physical structure of polymers, small vs large molecules, molecular features, some physical technique for studying polymers, molecular sizes and shapes and ordered structures, polymer blends and copolymers, polymer blends and copolymers, regular chains and crystallinity, morphology and motion, morphology. They are made of repeating macromolecules, and possess varying characteristics. The interatomic bonding of these molecules is adamant, which makes it tough for microbes to break the bonds and digest them. Microplastics, tiny bits of polypropylene or polyethylene, hide beneath the water and pose a risk as well. Both sources can be used to produce either nonbiodegradable or biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable substances decay or decompose and become part of nature again through bacterial or fungal activities. Nevertheless, due to the extensive use of fossil fuels in the production of feedstocks and in biodegradable polymer production processes, the overall relative. Classification and properties of biodegradable polymers. Frontiers of biobased and biodegradable polymers are constantly expanding in a view to achieve sustainability. Pdf on nov 6, 2019, nur heena asraf and others published degradation properties of biodegradable polymers find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Biodegradable polymers for microencapsulation of drugs. Biobased and biodegradable plastics facts and figures wur.
These issues may include site specific drug delivery in subcellular organelles, harnessing. Compostable plastics are biodegradable in composting conditions, while other plastics degrade in the soil landfills or anaerobic digestors. Four main classes of biodegradable polymers are analysed in this report, polylactic acid pla, starchbased polymers, synthetic biodegradable polymers, such as aromatic aliphatic copolyesters, and polyhydroxyalkanoates pha. They reduce the intermolecular cohesive forces between the polymer chains, which in turn decreaset g. Properties of starch blends with biodegradable polymers. The main groups are i the agropolymers polysaccharides, proteins, etc. Recent trends in biodegradable polymers indicate significant developments in terms of novel design strategies and engineering to provide advanced polymers with comparably good performance. Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers for. Synthesis, properties and applications of biodegradable.
Center for biomaterial development, institute of polymer research, helmholtz. Biodegradable polymers abstract to prepare a biodegradable plastic, biodegradable materials such as starches and a non biodegradable polymer such as a polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polycarbonate are treated. Mar 27, 2002 the need for biodegradable plastic bags is undeniable. They consist of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Apr 01, 2009 to be used as biomaterials, biodegradable polymers should have three important properties.
As of september 2014, virginia institute of marine science. Aliphatic polyesters are attracting increasing attention to solve white pollution concerns caused by traditional nonbiodegradable polymers and also for their use as speciality polymers in applications that mainly involve the biomedical field 16. Nonbiodegradable fossilbased polymers the term non biodegradable describes polymers that do not break down to a natural, environmentally safe condition over time by biological processes. A plastic or a polymer is considered biodegradable when it breaks down to basic elemental components water, biomass and gas with the aid of microorganisms. This paper is intended to provide a brief outline of work that is under way in the area of biodegradable polymer research and development, the. Recent developments on biodegradable polymers and their future trend int. Materials free fulltext biodegradable polymers html. Pdf properties of biodegradable polymers and degradation. Laurencin1,2,3 1department of orthopaedic surgery, new england musculoskeletal institute, university of connecticut health center, farmington, connecticut 06030 2institute of regenerative engineering, university of connecticut health center, farmington, connecticut. Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for. However, owing to concerns over environmental pollution and the. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated. Natural polymers can be used as the means of achieving predetermined rates of drug delivery and their.
The property of biodegradability is not dependent on the origin of the. Biodegradable polymer blends the blending of biodegradable polymers from renewable and non renewable resources is a method of reducing the overall cost of the material and offers a method of modifying both properties and degradation rateslw. Chemical and physical properties owing to the chirality of lactic acid, di. Plasticizers are low molecular weight and non volatile materials added to polymers to increase their chain flexibility. Biodegradable polymer and non biodegradable polymers. These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Biodegradable polymers chapter 6 babak ghanbarzadeh and. The specialties in biodegradable polymers are, they degrade quickly when comparing to non biodegradable polymers and their byproducts are ecofriendly biocompatible such as co2, water, methane, and inorganic compounds or biomass that is easily scavenged by microorganisms. Biodegradable elastic hydrogels for tissue expander. The chemical structure, sources, production and synthesis methods, physical properties mechanical, barrier and thermal properties and applications of most important biodegradable polymers would be. They can be synthetic chemical or biotechnological effected by microorganisms or enzymes.
Arumugam international journal of chemical engineering and applications, vol. Microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are also discussed. The main problem associated with designing biodegradable polymers is the optimization of their chemical, physical andor mechanical properties, as well as their biodegradability 5, 6. Recent developments on biodegradable polymers and their.
Polymers that have been developed with these properties include polyesters. Both sources can be used to produce either non biodegradable or biodegradable plastics. A series of truly biodegradable petroleumbased synthetic polymers have been developed. In fact, polyesters are considered the most competitive biodegradable polymers commercialized up to. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers bret d. Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials. Polymers in drug delivery scientific research publishing. Non biodegradable substances are those which cannot be transformed into harmless natural state by the action of bacteria. It is a still further object of the invention to make a novel biodegradable polymer using a process which causes chemical modification of a carbohydrate or protein or possibly lipids or urea and a non biodegradable polymer to make a biodegradable polymer. Polymers are everywhere and therein lies the problem. Polymers, biodegradable kunkel major reference works wiley. Non biodegradable list of high impact articles ppts.
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